Genus 2 curve 169.a.169.1

• Label: 169.a.169.1
• Conductor: $169$
• Discriminant: $-169$
• Mordell-Weil group: \(\Z/{19}\Z\)
• Sato-Tate group: $E_6$
• \(\End(J_{\overline{\Q}}) \otimes \R\): \(\mathrm{M}_2(\R)\)
• \(\End(J_{\overline{\Q}}) \otimes \Q\): \(\mathrm{M}_2(\Q)\)
• \(\End(J) \otimes \Q\): \(\mathsf{CM}\)
• \(\overline{\Q}\)-simple: no
• \(\mathrm{GL}_2\)-type: yes

This is a model for the modular curve $X_1(13)$. The integer $13$ is the smallest $N \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $X_1(N)$ has genus $2$.

Minimal equation

$y^2 + (x^3 + x + 1)y = x^5 + x^4$

(, )

Invariants

Conductor:	\( N \)	\(=\)	\(169\)	\(=\)	\( 13^{2} \)
Discriminant:	\( \Delta \)	\(=\)	\(-169\)	\(=\)	\( - 13^{2} \)

Igusa-Clebsch invariants

\( I_2 \)	\(=\)	\(4\)	\(=\)	\( 2^{2} \)
\( I_4 \)	\(=\)	\(793\)	\(=\)	\( 13 \cdot 61 \)
\( I_6 \)	\(=\)	\(3757\)	\(=\)	\( 13 \cdot 17^{2} \)
\( I_{10} \)	\(=\)	\(-21632\)	\(=\)	\( - 2^{7} \cdot 13^{2} \)

Automorphism group

\(\mathrm{Aut}(X)\)	\(\simeq\)	$C_6$
\(\mathrm{Aut}(X_{\overline{\Q}})\)	\(\simeq\)	$D_6$

Rational points

All points: \((1 : 0 : 0),\, (1 : -1 : 0),\, (0 : 0 : 1),\, (-1 : 0 : 1),\, (0 : -1 : 1),\, (-1 : 1 : 1)\)

Number of rational Weierstrass points: \(0\)

This curve is locally solvable everywhere.

Mordell-Weil group of the Jacobian

Group structure: \(\Z/{19}\Z\)

Generator	$D_0$						Height	Order
\(2 \cdot(0 : 0 : 1) - (1 : -1 : 0) - (1 : 0 : 0)\)	\(x^2\)	\(=\)	\(0,\)	\(y\)	\(=\)	\(0\)	\(0\)	\(19\)

2-torsion field: 6.0.10816.1

BSD invariants

Hasse-Weil conjecture:	verified
Analytic rank:	\(0\)
Mordell-Weil rank:	\(0\)
2-Selmer rank:	\(0\)
Regulator:	\( 1 \)
Real period:	\( 32.66703 \)
Tamagawa product:	\( 1 \)
Torsion order:	\( 19 \)
Leading coefficient:	\( 0.090490 \)
Analytic order of Ш:	\( 1 \)   (rounded)
Order of Ш:	square

Local invariants

Prime	ord(\(N\))	ord(\(\Delta\))	Tamagawa	L-factor	Cluster picture
\(13\)	\(2\)	\(2\)	\(1\)	\(1 + 5 T + 13 T^{2}\)

Galois representations

For primes $\ell \ge 5$ the Galois representation data has not been computed for this curve since it is not generic.

For primes $\ell \le 3$, the image of the mod-$\ell$ Galois representation is listed in the table below, whenever it is not all of $\GSp(4,\F_\ell)$.

Prime \(\ell\)	mod-\(\ell\) image	Is torsion prime?
\(2\)	2.40.3	no
\(3\)	3.480.12	no

Sato-Tate group

\(\mathrm{ST}\)	\(\simeq\)	$E_6$
\(\mathrm{ST}^0\)	\(\simeq\)	\(\mathrm{SU}(2)\)

Decomposition of the Jacobian

Splits over the number field \(\Q (b) \simeq \) \(\Q(\zeta_{13})^+\) with defining polynomial:
  \(x^{6} - x^{5} - 5 x^{4} + 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 3 x - 1\)

Decomposes up to isogeny as the square of the elliptic curve isogeny class:
  \(y^2 = x^3 - g_4 / 48 x - g_6 / 864\) with
  \(g_4 = 3630 b^{5} + 1720 b^{4} - 15597 b^{3} - 8353 b^{2} + 9457 b + 2644\)
  \(g_6 = 316316 b^{5} + 160160 b^{4} - 1342341 b^{3} - 759759 b^{2} + 759759 b + 207207\)
   Conductor norm: 1

Endomorphisms of the Jacobian

Of \(\GL_2\)-type over \(\Q\)

Endomorphism ring over \(\Q\):

\(\End (J_{})\)	\(\simeq\)	\(\Z [\frac{1 + \sqrt{-3}}{2}]\)
\(\End (J_{}) \otimes \Q \)	\(\simeq\)	\(\Q(\sqrt{-3}) \)
\(\End (J_{}) \otimes \R\)	\(\simeq\)	\(\C\)

Smallest field over which all endomorphisms are defined:
Galois number field \(K = \Q (a) \simeq \) \(\Q(\zeta_{13})^+\) with defining polynomial \(x^{6} - x^{5} - 5 x^{4} + 4 x^{3} + 6 x^{2} - 3 x - 1\)

Not of \(\GL_2\)-type over \(\overline{\Q}\)

Endomorphism ring over \(\overline{\Q}\):

\(\End (J_{\overline{\Q}})\)	\(\simeq\)	an Eichler order of index \(3\) in a maximal order of \(\End (J_{\overline{\Q}}) \otimes \Q\)
\(\End (J_{\overline{\Q}}) \otimes \Q \)	\(\simeq\)	\(\mathrm{M}_2(\)\(\Q\)\()\)
\(\End (J_{\overline{\Q}}) \otimes \R\)	\(\simeq\)	\(\mathrm{M}_2 (\R)\)

Remainder of the endomorphism lattice by field

Over subfield \(F \simeq \) \(\Q(\sqrt{13}) \) with generator \(-a^{4} + a^{3} + 4 a^{2} - 2 a - 2\) with minimal polynomial \(x^{2} - x - 3\):

\(\End (J_{F})\)	\(\simeq\)	\(\Z [\frac{1 + \sqrt{-3}}{2}]\)
\(\End (J_{F}) \otimes \Q \)	\(\simeq\)	\(\Q(\sqrt{-3}) \)
\(\End (J_{F}) \otimes \R\)	\(\simeq\)	\(\C\)

  Sato Tate group: $E_3$
  Of \(\GL_2\)-type, simple

Over subfield \(F \simeq \) 3.3.169.1 with generator \(a^{3} - a^{2} - 3 a + 2\) with minimal polynomial \(x^{3} - x^{2} - 4 x - 1\):

\(\End (J_{F})\)	\(\simeq\)	\(\Z [\frac{1 + \sqrt{-3}}{2}]\)
\(\End (J_{F}) \otimes \Q \)	\(\simeq\)	\(\Q(\sqrt{-3}) \)
\(\End (J_{F}) \otimes \R\)	\(\simeq\)	\(\C\)

  Sato Tate group: $E_2$
  Of \(\GL_2\)-type, simple

Additional information

The conductor $169$ of the Jacobian of $X_1(13)$ is the smallest known to arise for a simple abelian surface (and for any rational $L$-function of motivic weight $1$ and degree $4$ that is not the product of two rational $L$-functions of lower degree).

Mazur and Tate (Invent. Math. 22 (1973), 41-49) attribute the discovery of $19$-torsion point on the Jacobian of $X_1(13)$ to Ogg, and use it to prove that this point generates the full Mordell-Weil group using a 19-descent(!). It follows that there are no rational points other than the three pairs above $x=0,-1,\infty$; since these points are cusps of $X_1(13)$, Mazur and Tate thus prove that there is no elliptic curve $E/\Q$ with a rational torsion point of order $13$.