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A newform $f$ admits a self-twist by a primitive Dirichlet character $\chi$ if the equality $a_p(f) = \chi(p)a_p(f)$ holds for all but finitely many primes $p$.

For non-trivial $\chi$ this can hold only when $\chi$ has order $2$ and $a_p=0$ for all primes $p$ not dividing the level of $f$ for which $\chi(p)=-1$. The character $\chi$ is then the Kronecker character of a quadratic field $K$ and may be identified by the discriminant $D$ of $K$.

If $D$ is negative, the modular form $f$ is said to have complex multiplication (CM) by $K$, and if $D$ is positive, $f$ is said to have real multiplication (RM) by $K$. The latter can occur only when $f$ is a modular form of weight $1$ whose projective image is dihedral.

It is possible for a modular form to have multiple non-trivial self twists; this occurs precisely when $f$ is a modular form of weight one whose projective image is isomorphic to $D_2:=C_2\times C_2$; in this case $f$ admits three non-trivial self twists, two of which are CM and one of which is RM.

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• Review status: reviewed
• Last edited by Andrew Sutherland on 2019-05-10 12:19:16
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